Tag: Integer

Adjustable Bit Width Big Unsigned or Signed Integer 32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048…

Updated: Jun-11,2021

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
[Serializable]
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
[TypeConverter(typeof(xIntXConverter))]
[DebuggerDisplay("{DDisplay}")]
public struct xIntX : IComparable<xIntX>, IComparable, IEquatable<xIntX>, IConvertible, IFormattable
{
    private const  int    DefaultDataBitWidth = 1024;
    private const  int    DataSize            = sizeof(uint);
    private const  uint   AllBits             = ~(uint)0;
    private const  int    DataSizeBits        = sizeof(uint) * 8;
    private const  uint   HiNeg               = (uint)1 << (DataSizeBits - 1);
    private static int    _dataBitWidth;
    private static int    DataLength;
    private static bool   _unsigned;
    public         uint[] Data;
    public xIntX(xIntX value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        _unsigned  = unsigned;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        value.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
    }
    public xIntX(string value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        if (!TryParse(value, out var result))
            throw new Exception("TryParse Failed.");
        Data = new uint[DataLength];
        result.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
    }
    public xIntX(byte value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[0]    = value;
    }
    public xIntX(bool value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[0]    = (uint)(value ? 1 : 0);
    }
    public xIntX(char value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[0]    = value;
    }
    public xIntX(BigDecimal value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        var ba = value.WholePart.ToByteArray();
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        var len = ba.Length / DataSize;
        var lim = Math.Min(len, DataLength);
        Data = new uint[lim];
        for (var i = 0; i < lim; i++)
            Data[i] = BitConverter.ToUInt32(ba, i * DataSize);
    }
    public xIntX(BigRational value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        var v1 = value.Numerator.ToByteArray();
        DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength   = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        var byteCount      = v1.Length;
        var isNegative     = _unsigned == false && byteCount > 0 && (v1[byteCount - 1] & 0x80) == 0x80;
        var unalignedBytes = byteCount % DataSize;
        var dwordCount     = byteCount / DataSize + (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1);
        Data = new uint[Math.Max(dwordCount, DataLength)];
        if (byteCount == 0)
            return;
        int curDword, curByte, byteInDword;
        curByte = 3;
        for (curDword = 0; curDword < dwordCount - (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1); curDword++)
        {
            byteInDword = 0;
            while (byteInDword < DataSize)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  v1[curByte];
                curByte--;
                byteInDword++;
            }
            curByte += 8;
        }
        if (unalignedBytes != 0)
        {
            if (isNegative)
                Data[dwordCount - 1] = 0xffffffff;
            for (curByte = byteCount - 1; curByte >= byteCount - unalignedBytes; curByte--)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  v1[curByte];
            }
        }
        ConstructFromArray(value.Numerator.ToByteArray(), bitLength);
    }
    public xIntX(decimal value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        if (value < 0 && !_unsigned)
        {
            var n = -new xIntX(-value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
            n.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
            return;
        }
        var bits = decimal.GetBits(value);
        Data[2] = (uint)bits[2];
        Data[1] = (uint)bits[1];
        Data[0] = (uint)bits[0];
    }
    public xIntX(double value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false) : this((decimal)value, bitLength, unsigned)
    {
    }
    public xIntX(float value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false) : this((decimal)value, bitLength, unsigned)
    {
    }
    public xIntX(short value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        if (value < 0 && !_unsigned)
        {
            var n = -new xIntX(-(value + 1), DataBitWidth, _unsigned) - 1;
            n.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
            return;
        }
        Data[0] = (uint)value;
    }
    public xIntX(int value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        if (value < 0 && !_unsigned)
        {
            var n = -new xIntX(-(value + 1), DataBitWidth, _unsigned) - 1;
            n.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
            return;
        }
        Data[0] = (uint)value;
    }
    public xIntX(long value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        if (value < 0 && !_unsigned)
        {
            var n = -new xIntX(-(value + 1), DataBitWidth, _unsigned) - 1;
            n.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
            return;
        }
        Data[1] = (uint)((value >> 32) & 0xffffffff);
        Data[0] = (uint)(value         & 0xffffffff);
    }
    public xIntX(sbyte value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        if (value < 0 && !_unsigned)
        {
            var n = -new xIntX(-(value + 1), DataBitWidth, _unsigned) - 1;
            n.Data.CopyTo(Data, 0);
            return;
        }
        Data[0] = (uint)value;
    }
    public xIntX(ushort value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[0]    = value;
    }
    public xIntX(uint value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[0]    = value;
    }
    public xIntX(ulong value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        Data[1]    = (uint)((value >> 32) & 0xffffffff);
        Data[0]    = (uint)(value         & 0xffffffff);
    }
    public xIntX(BigInteger value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false) : this(value.ToByteArray(), bitLength, unsigned)
    {
    }
    public xIntX(Guid value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false) : this(value.ToByteArray(), bitLength, unsigned)
    {
    }
    public xIntX(byte[] value, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        var minSize = value.Length / DataSize;
        if (value == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        var byteCount      = value.Length;
        var isNegative     = _unsigned == false && byteCount > 0 && (value[byteCount - 1] & 0x80) == 0x80;
        var unalignedBytes = byteCount % DataSize;
        var dwordCount     = byteCount / DataSize + (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1);
        Data = new uint[Math.Max(dwordCount, DataLength)];
        if (byteCount == 0)
            return;
        int curDword, curByte, byteInDword;
        curByte = 3;
        for (curDword = 0; curDword < dwordCount - (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1); curDword++)
        {
            byteInDword = 0;
            while (byteInDword < DataSize)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  value[curByte];
                curByte--;
                byteInDword++;
            }
            curByte += 8;
        }
        if (unalignedBytes != 0)
        {
            if (isNegative)
                Data[dwordCount - 1] = 0xffffffff;
            for (curByte = byteCount - 1; curByte >= byteCount - unalignedBytes; curByte--)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  value[curByte];
            }
        }
    }
    public xIntX(int sign, uint[] array, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (array == null)
            throw new Exception("Array cannot be null.");
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        Data       = new uint[DataLength];
        var ba = new byte[DataSize];
        for (var i = 0; i < Math.Min(DataLength, array.Length); i++)
        {
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(array[i]), 0, ba, 0, DataSize);
            Data[i] = BitConverter.ToUInt32(ba, 0);
        }
        if (!_unsigned)
        {
            if (sign < 0)
                Data[DataLength - 1] |= HiNeg;
            else
                Data[DataLength - 1] &= ~HiNeg;
        }
    }
    public xIntX(uint[] array, int bitLength = 0, bool unsigned = false)
    {
        _unsigned = unsigned;
        if (array == null)
            throw new Exception("Array cannot be null.");
        if (bitLength == 0)
            DataBitWidth  = DefaultDataBitWidth;
        else DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        if (array.Length != DataLength)
            Array.Resize(ref array, DataLength);
        Data = new uint[DataLength];
        var ba = new byte[DataSize];
        for (var i = 0; i < Data.Length; i++)
        {
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(array[i]), 0, ba, 0, DataSize);
            Data[i] = BitConverter.ToUInt32(ba, 0);
        }
    }
    public bool Unsigned
    {
        get => _unsigned;
        set => _unsigned = value;
    }
    private static int DataBitWidth
    {
        get => _dataBitWidth;
        set
        {
            _dataBitWidth = value;
            if (_dataBitWidth < 32)
                _dataBitWidth = 32;
        }
    }
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private string DDisplay => ToString();
    public xIntX MaxValue
    {
        get
        {
            var r = new xIntX(0, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
            for (var i = 0; i < r.Data.Length; ++i)
                r.Data[i] = uint.MaxValue;
            r.Data[r.Data.Length - 1] = int.MaxValue;
            return r;
        }
    }
    public int BitWidth
    {
        get
        {
            xIntX bw = 1;
            var   v  = new xIntX(this, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
            while ((v >>= 1) > 0)
                bw++;
            if (bw < 8)
                bw = 8;
            while (bw % 8 != 0)
                bw++;
            return (int)bw;
        }
    }
    public float MaxDecimalPlaces => DataBitWidth / 64f * 20f;
    public int DecimalPlaces
    {
        get
        {
            var a       = new xIntX(this, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
            var dPlaces = 0;
            if (a.Sign == 0)
                return 1;
            if (a.Sign < 0)
                try
                {
                    a = -a;
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    return 0;
                }
            var biRadix = new xIntX(10, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
            while (a > 0)
                try
                {
                    Divide(a, biRadix, out var remainder, out var quotient);
                    a = quotient;
                    dPlaces++;
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    break;
                }
            return dPlaces;
        }
    }
    public int Sign
    {
        get
        {
            if (_unsigned)
                return 1;
            var allZero = true;
            var ba      = Data;
            for (var i = 0; i < ba.Length; i++)
                if (ba[i] != 0)
                {
                    allZero = false;
                    break;
                }
            if (allZero)
                return 0;
            return (Data[Data.Length - 1] & HiNeg) == 0 ? 1 : -1;
        }
    }
    public bool IsOne      => this       == 1;
    public bool IsEven     => (this & 1) == 0;
    public bool IsNegative => Sign       < 0;
    public bool IsZero
    {
        get
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < Data.Length; i++)
                if (Data[i] != 0)
                    return false;
            return true;
        }
    }
    public int DataUsed
    {
        get
        {
            var DataUsed = Data.Length;
            if (!IsNegative)
            {
                while (DataUsed > 1 && Data[DataUsed - 1] == 0)
                    --DataUsed;
                if (DataUsed == 0)
                    DataUsed = 1;
            }
            return DataUsed;
        }
    }
    int IComparable.CompareTo(object obj)
    {
        return Compare(this, obj);
    }
    public int CompareTo(xIntX value)
    {
        return Compare(this, value);
    }
    TypeCode IConvertible.GetTypeCode()
    {
        return TypeCode.Object;
    }
    bool IConvertible.ToBoolean(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (bool)this;
    }
    byte IConvertible.ToByte(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (byte)this;
    }
    char IConvertible.ToChar(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (char)this;
    }
    DateTime IConvertible.ToDateTime(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        throw new InvalidCastException();
    }
    decimal IConvertible.ToDecimal(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (decimal)this;
    }
    double IConvertible.ToDouble(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (double)this;
    }
    short IConvertible.ToInt16(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (short)this;
    }
    int IConvertible.ToInt32(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (int)this;
    }
    long IConvertible.ToInt64(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (long)this;
    }
    sbyte IConvertible.ToSByte(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (sbyte)this;
    }
    float IConvertible.ToSingle(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return (float)this;
    }
    string IConvertible.ToString(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return ToString(null, provider);
    }
    public object ToType(Type conversionType, IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        object value;
        if (TryConvert(conversionType, provider, out value))
            return value;
        throw new InvalidCastException();
    }
    ushort IConvertible.ToUInt16(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        if (Data[1] != 0)
            throw new OverflowException();
        return Convert.ToUInt16(Data[0]);
    }
    uint IConvertible.ToUInt32(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        if (Data[1] != 0)
            throw new OverflowException();
        return Convert.ToUInt32(Data[0]);
    }
    ulong IConvertible.ToUInt64(IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        if (Data[1] != 0)
            return ((ulong)Data[1] << 32) | Data[0];
        return Data[0];
    }
    public bool Equals(xIntX obj)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(obj, null))
            return false;
        if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
            return true;
        if (Data.Length != obj.Data.Length)
            return false;
        if (Sign != obj.Sign)
            return false;
        for (var i = 0; i < Data.Length; i++)
            if (Data[i] != obj.Data[i])
                return false;
        return true;
    }
    public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
    {
        if (formatProvider == null)
            formatProvider = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(format))
        {
            var ch = format[0];
            if (ch == 'x' || ch == 'X')
            {
                int.TryParse(format.Substring(1).Trim(), out var min);
                return ToHexString(ch == 'X');
            }
            if (ch != 'G' && ch != 'g' && ch != 'D' && ch != 'd')
                throw new NotSupportedException("Not supported format: " + format);
        }
        return ToString((NumberFormatInfo)formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(NumberFormatInfo)), 10);
    }
    private static byte[] ToByteArray(ulong[] value)
    {
        var ba = new byte[value.Length << 3];
        Buffer.BlockCopy(value, 0, ba, 0, value.Length << 3);
        return ba;
    }
    private static byte[] ToByteArray(uint[] value)
    {
        var ba = new byte[value.Length << 2];
        Buffer.BlockCopy(value, 0, ba, 0, value.Length << 2);
        return ba;
    }
    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        static uint CombineHash(uint u1, uint u2)
        {
            return ((u1 << 7) | (u1 >> 25)) ^ u2;
        }
        var s = Sign;
        var i = Data.Length;
        while (--i >= 0)
            s = (int)CombineHash((uint)s, Data[i]);
        return s;
    }
    public static byte[] GetBytesInt(xIntX value)
    {
        var b  = value.Sign.GetBytes();
        var tb = b.Add(value.Data.GetBytes());
        return tb;
    }
    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
        return base.Equals(obj);
    }
    public override string ToString()
    {
        return ToString(null, null);
    }
    public string ToString(string format)
    {
        return ToString(format, null);
    }
    public string ToHexString(bool caps)
    {
        var bytes = ToByteArray().Invert();
        var sb    = new StringBuilder();
        var x     = caps ? "X" : "x";
        foreach (var b in bytes)
        {
            var hex = b.ToString($"{x}2");
            sb.Append(hex);
        }
        return sb.ToString();
    }
    private string ToString(NumberFormatInfo info, int radix)
    {
        if (radix < 2 || radix > 36)
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("radix");
        if (Sign == 0)
            return "0";
        var negative = Sign < 0;
        var a        = new xIntX(this, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        if (negative)
            try
            {
                a = -a;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
            }
        var          biRadix = new xIntX(radix, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        const string charSet = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
        var          al      = new ArrayList();
        while (a > 0)
            try
            {
                Divide(a, biRadix, out var remainder, out var quotient);
                al.Insert(0, charSet[(int)remainder.Data[0]]);
                a = quotient;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                break;
            }
        var result = new string((char[])al.ToArray(typeof(char)));
        if (radix == 10 && negative)
            return "-" + result;
        return result;
    }
    public static xIntX Abs(xIntX value)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(value, null))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
        if (value.Sign < 0)
            return -value;
        return value;
    }
    public bool TryConvert(Type conversionType, IFormatProvider provider, out object value)
    {
        if (conversionType == typeof(bool))
        {
            value = (bool)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(byte))
        {
            value = (byte)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(char))
        {
            value = (char)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(decimal))
        {
            value = (decimal)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(double))
        {
            value = (double)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(short))
        {
            value = (short)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(int))
        {
            value = (int)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(long))
        {
            value = (long)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(sbyte))
        {
            value = (sbyte)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(float))
        {
            value = (float)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(string))
        {
            value = ToString(null, provider);
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(ushort))
        {
            value = (ushort)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(uint))
        {
            value = (uint)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(ulong))
        {
            value = (ulong)this;
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(byte[]))
        {
            value = ToByteArray();
            return true;
        }
        if (conversionType == typeof(Guid))
        {
            value = new Guid(ToByteArray());
            return true;
        }
        value = null;
        return false;
    }
    public static xIntX Parse(string value)
    {
        return Parse(value, NumberStyles.Integer, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo);
    }
    public static xIntX Parse(string value, NumberStyles style)
    {
        return Parse(value, style, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo);
    }
    public static xIntX Parse(string value, IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        return Parse(value, NumberStyles.Integer, NumberFormatInfo.GetInstance(provider));
    }
    public static xIntX Parse(string value, NumberStyles style, IFormatProvider provider)
    {
        if (!TryParse(value, style, provider, out var result))
            throw new Exception($"TryParse value {value} failure.");
        return result;
    }
    public static bool TryParse(string value, out xIntX result)
    {
        return TryParse(value, NumberStyles.Integer, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo, out result);
    }
    public static bool TryParse(string value, NumberStyles style, IFormatProvider provider, out xIntX result)
    {
        result = 0;
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
            return false;
        if (value.StartsWith("x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        {
            style |= NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier;
            value =  value.Substring(1);
        }
        else
        {
            if (value.StartsWith("0x", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                style |= NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier;
                value =  value.Substring(2);
            }
        }
        if ((style & NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier) == NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
            return TryParseNum(value, 16, out result);
        return TryParseNum(value, 10, out result);
    }
    public static bool TryParseNum(string digits, int radix, out xIntX result)
    {
        result = new xIntX(0, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        if (digits == null)
            return false;
        var multiplier = new xIntX(1, DataBitWidth * 2, _unsigned);
        digits = digits.ToUpper(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture).Trim();
        var nDigits = digits[0] == '-' ? 1 : 0;
        for (var idx = digits.Length - 1; idx >= nDigits; idx--)
        {
            var d = (int)digits[idx];
            if (d != 48)
            {
                var a = 1;
            }
            if (d >= '0' && d <= '9')
                d -= '0';
            else if (d >= 'A' && d <= 'Z')
                d = d - 'A' + 10;
            else
                return false;
            if (d >= radix)
                return false;
            result     += multiplier * d;
            multiplier *= radix;
            if (multiplier.DataUsed > DataLength)
                throw new Exception($"Data overflow in Multiplier {new StackFrame(1, true).GetFileLineNumber()} ");
        }
        if (digits[0] == '-' && !_unsigned)
            result = -result;
        return true;
    }
    public static int Compare(xIntX left, object right)
    {
        if (right is xIntX)
            return Compare(left, (xIntX)right);
        if (right is bool)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((bool)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is byte)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((byte)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is char)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((char)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is decimal)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((decimal)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is double)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((double)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is short)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((short)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is int)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((int)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is long)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((long)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is sbyte)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((sbyte)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is float)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((float)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is ushort)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((ushort)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is uint)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((uint)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is ulong)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((ulong)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        var bytes = right as byte[];
        if (bytes != null)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX(bytes, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        if (right is Guid)
            return Compare(left, new xIntX((Guid)right, DataBitWidth, _unsigned));
        throw new ArgumentException();
    }
    public static int Compare(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(left, right))
            return 0;
        if (left.Sign >= 0 && right.Sign < 0)
            return 1;
        if (left.Sign < 0 && right.Sign >= 0)
            return -1;
        if (left.Data.Length != right.Data.Length)
            return -1;
        for (var i = left.Data.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
            if (left.Data[i] != right.Data[i])
                return left.Data[i].CompareTo(right.Data[i]);
        return left.Data[0].CompareTo(right.Data[0]);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(bool value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(byte value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(char value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static explicit operator xIntX(decimal value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static explicit operator xIntX(double value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(short value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(int value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(long value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(sbyte value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static explicit operator xIntX(float value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(ushort value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(uint value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(ulong value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(BigInteger value)
    {
        if (DataBitWidth == 0)
            DataBitWidth = value.GetBitWidth();
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(BigRational value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static implicit operator xIntX(BigDecimal value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static explicit operator bool(xIntX value)
    {
        return (byte)value.Data[0] != 0;
    }
    public static explicit operator byte(xIntX value)
    {
        return (byte)value.Data[0];
    }
    public static explicit operator char(xIntX value)
    {
        return (char)(ushort)value.Data[0];
    }
    public static explicit operator decimal(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        if (value.Data.Length == 1)
            return new decimal((int)value.Data[0], 0, 0, value.Sign < 0, 0);
        if (value.Data.Length == 2)
            return new decimal((int)value.Data[0], (int)value.Data[1], 0, value.Sign < 0, 0);
        if (value.Data.Length == 3)
            return new decimal((int)value.Data[0], (int)value.Data[1], (int)value.Data[2], value.Sign < 0, 0);
        throw new ArgumentException("Value length exceeds decimal length.");
    }
    public static explicit operator double(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        var nfi = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture.NumberFormat;
        if (!double.TryParse(value.ToString(nfi, 10), NumberStyles.Number, nfi, out var d))
            throw new OverflowException();
        return d;
    }
    public static explicit operator float(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        var nfi = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture.NumberFormat;
        if (!float.TryParse(value.ToString(nfi, 10), NumberStyles.Number, nfi, out var f))
            throw new OverflowException();
        return f;
    }
    public static explicit operator short(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Data[0] > 0x8000)
            throw new OverflowException();
        if (value.Data[0] == 0x8000 && value.Sign > 0)
            throw new OverflowException();
        return (short)((int)value.Data[0] * value.Sign);
    }
    public static explicit operator int(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        return (int)value.Data[0] * value.Sign;
    }
    public static explicit operator long(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        if (value.Data[0] > int.MaxValue)
            throw new OverflowException();
        if (value.Data.Length > 1)
            if (value.Data[1] != 0)
                return (long)(((ulong)value.Data[1] << 32) | value.Data[0]) * value.Sign;
        return value.Data[0] * value.Sign;
    }
    public static explicit operator uint(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        return value.Data[0];
    }
    public static explicit operator ushort(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Sign == 0)
            return 0;
        return (ushort)value.Data[0];
    }
    public static explicit operator ulong(xIntX value)
    {
        if (value.Data.Length > 1)
            if (value.Data[1] != 0)
                return ((ulong)value.Data[1] << 32) | value.Data[0];
        return value.Data[0];
    }
    public static explicit operator BigInteger(xIntX value)
    {
        return new BigInteger(value.ToByteArray());
    }
    public static explicit operator BigDecimal(xIntX value)
    {
        return new xIntX(value.ToByteArray());
    }
    public static explicit operator BigRational(xIntX value)
    {
        return new BigRational(new BigInteger(value.ToByteArray()));
    }
    public static bool operator >(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left.CompareTo(right) > 0;
    }
    public static bool operator <(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return Compare(left, right) < 0;
    }
    public static bool operator >=(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return Compare(left, right) >= 0;
    }
    public static bool operator <=(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return Compare(left, right) <= 0;
    }
    public static bool operator !=(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return !left.Equals(right);
    }
    public static bool operator ==(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left.Equals(right);
    }
    public static xIntX operator +(xIntX value)
    {
        return value;
    }
    public static xIntX operator ~(xIntX value)
    {
        var da = new uint[DataLength];
        for (var idx = 0; idx < DataLength; idx++)
            da[idx] = ~value.Data[idx];
        return new xIntX(da, DataBitWidth);
    }
    public static xIntX operator -(xIntX value)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(value, null))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
        if (value.IsZero)
            return 0;
        var da = new uint[DataLength];
        for (var i = 0; i < da.Length; i++)
            da[i] = ~value.Data[i];
        var carry = true;
        var index = 0;
        while (carry && index < da.Length)
        {
            var val = (long)da[index] + 1;
            da[index] = (uint)(val & AllBits);
            carry     = val >> DataSizeBits > 0;
            index++;
        }
        return new xIntX(da, DataBitWidth);
    }
    public static xIntX operator ++(xIntX value)
    {
        return value + 1;
    }
    public static xIntX operator --(xIntX value)
    {
        return value - 1;
    }
    public static xIntX Negate(xIntX value)
    {
        var ldata = (uint[])value.Data.Clone();
        for (var i = 0; i < value.Data.Length; i++)
            ldata[i] = ~value.Data[i];
        return new xIntX(value.Sign, ldata, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator +(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (right.IsZero)
            return left;
        if (left.IsZero)
            return right;
        var  dl     = Math.Max(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length);
        var  lim    = Math.Min(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length);
        var  result = new uint[dl];
        long carry  = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < dl && i < lim; i++)
        {
            var sum = left.Data[i] + (long)right.Data[i] + carry;
            carry     = sum >> 32;
            result[i] = (uint)(sum & 0xFFFFFFFF);
        }
        if (carry != 0)
        {
            var idx = 0;
            while (idx < result.Length - 1)
            {
                if (result[idx] == 0)
                    break;
                idx++;
            }
            result[idx] = (uint)carry;
        }
        return new xIntX(left.Sign * right.Sign, result, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator -(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (right.IsZero)
            return left;
        if (left.IsZero)
            return -right;
        var  size  = Math.Max(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length) + 1;
        var  da    = new uint[size];
        long carry = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < DataLength && i < left.Data.Length && i < right.Data.Length; i++)
        {
            var diff = left.Data[i] - (long)right.Data[i] - carry;
            da[i] = (uint)(diff & AllBits);
            carry = diff < 0 ? 1 : 0;
        }
        return new xIntX(da, DataBitWidth);
    }
    public static xIntX Add(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left + right;
    }
    public static xIntX Subtract(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left - right;
    }
    public static xIntX Divide(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor)
    {
        if (divisor == 0)
            throw new DivideByZeroException();
        return DivRem(dividend, divisor, out var integer);
    }
    public static void Divide(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor, out xIntX remainder, out xIntX quotient)
    {
        if (divisor == 0)
            throw new DivideByZeroException();
        DivRem(dividend.Data, divisor.Data, out var quo, out var rem);
        remainder = new xIntX(1,                            rem, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        quotient  = new xIntX(dividend.Sign * divisor.Sign, quo, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX DivRem(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor, out xIntX remainder)
    {
        if (divisor == 0)
            throw new DivideByZeroException();
        DivRem(dividend.Data, divisor.Data, out var quotient, out var rem);
        remainder = new xIntX(1, rem, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        return new xIntX(dividend.Sign * divisor.Sign, quotient, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    private static void DivRem(uint[] dividend, uint[] divisor, out uint[] quotient, out uint[] remainder)
    {
        const ulong hiBit       = 0x100000000;
        var         divisorLen  = GetLength(divisor);
        var         dividendLen = GetLength(dividend);
        if (divisorLen <= 1)
        {
            ulong rem = 0;
            var   div = divisor[0];
            quotient  = new uint[dividendLen];
            remainder = new uint[1];
            for (var i = dividendLen - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                rem *= hiBit;
                rem += dividend[i];
                var q = rem / div;
                rem         -= q * div;
                quotient[i] =  (uint)q;
            }
            remainder[0] = (uint)rem;
            return;
        }
        if (dividendLen >= divisorLen)
        {
            var shift        = GetNormalizeShift(divisor[divisorLen - 1]);
            var normDividend = new uint[dividendLen + 1];
            var normDivisor  = new uint[divisorLen];
            Normalize(dividend, dividendLen, normDividend, shift);
            Normalize(divisor,  divisorLen,  normDivisor,  shift);
            quotient = new uint[dividendLen - divisorLen + 1];
            for (var j = dividendLen - divisorLen; j >= 0; j--)
            {
                var dx = hiBit * normDividend[j + divisorLen] + normDividend[j + divisorLen - 1];
                var qj = dx / normDivisor[divisorLen                                        - 1];
                dx -= qj * normDivisor[divisorLen - 1];
                do
                {
                    if (qj < hiBit && qj * normDivisor[divisorLen - 2] <= dx * hiBit + normDividend[j + divisorLen - 2])
                        break;
                    qj -= 1L;
                    dx += normDivisor[divisorLen - 1];
                } while (dx < hiBit);
                ulong di = 0;
                ulong dj;
                var   index = 0;
                while (index < divisorLen)
                {
                    var dqj = normDivisor[index] * qj;
                    dj                      = normDividend[index + j] - (uint)dqj - di;
                    normDividend[index + j] = (uint)dj;
                    dqj                     = dqj >> 32;
                    dj                      = dj  >> 32;
                    di                      = dqj - dj;
                    index++;
                }
                dj                           = normDividend[j + divisorLen] - di;
                normDividend[j + divisorLen] = (uint)dj;
                quotient[j]                  = (uint)qj;
                if ((long)dj < 0)
                {
                    quotient[j]--;
                    ulong sum = 0;
                    for (index = 0; index < divisorLen; index++)
                    {
                        sum                     = normDivisor[index] + normDividend[j + index] + sum;
                        normDividend[j + index] = (uint)sum;
                        sum                     = sum >> 32;
                    }
                    sum += normDividend[j + divisorLen];
                    normDividend[j        + divisorLen] = (uint)sum;
                }
            }
            remainder = Unnormalize(normDividend, shift);
            return;
        }
        quotient  = new uint[1];
        remainder = dividend;
    }
    private static int GetLength(uint[] uints)
    {
        var index = uints.Length - 1;
        while (index >= 0 && uints[index] == 0)
            index--;
        return index + 1;
    }
    private static int GetNormalizeShift(uint ui)
    {
        var shift = 0;
        if ((ui & 0xffff0000) == 0)
        {
            ui    =  ui << 16;
            shift += 16;
        }
        if ((ui & 0xff000000) == 0)
        {
            ui    =  ui << 8;
            shift += 8;
        }
        if ((ui & 0xf0000000) == 0)
        {
            ui    =  ui << 4;
            shift += 4;
        }
        if ((ui & 0xc0000000) == 0)
        {
            ui    =  ui << 2;
            shift += 2;
        }
        if ((ui & 0x80000000) == 0)
            shift++;
        return shift;
    }
    private static uint[] Unnormalize(uint[] normalized, int shift)
    {
        var len          = GetLength(normalized);
        var unnormalized = new uint[len];
        if (shift > 0)
        {
            var  rshift = 32 - shift;
            uint r      = 0;
            for (var i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                unnormalized[i] = (normalized[i] >> shift) | r;
                r               = normalized[i] << rshift;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (var j = 0; j < len; j++)
                unnormalized[j] = normalized[j];
        }
        return unnormalized;
    }
    private static void Normalize(uint[] unormalized, int len, uint[] normalized, int shift)
    {
        int  i;
        uint n = 0;
        if (shift > 0)
        {
            var rShift = 32 - shift;
            for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
            {
                normalized[i] = (unormalized[i] << shift) | n;
                n             = unormalized[i] >> rShift;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            i = 0;
            while (i < len)
            {
                normalized[i] = unormalized[i];
                i++;
            }
        }
        while (i < normalized.Length)
            normalized[i++] = 0;
        if (n != 0)
            normalized[len] = n;
    }
    public static xIntX Remainder(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor)
    {
        DivRem(dividend, divisor, out var remainder);
        return remainder;
    }
    public static xIntX Max(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left.CompareTo(right) < 0 ? right : left;
    }
    public static xIntX Min(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left.CompareTo(right) <= 0 ? left : right;
    }
    public static xIntX operator %(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor)
    {
        return Remainder(dividend, divisor);
    }
    public static xIntX operator /(xIntX dividend, xIntX divisor)
    {
        return Divide(dividend, divisor);
    }
    public ulong[] ToUIn64Array()
    {
        var al = Data.Length >> 1;
        if (al * 2 != Data.Length)
            al++;
        var arr = new ulong[al];
        Buffer.BlockCopy(Data, 0, arr, 0, Data.Length << 2);
        return arr;
    }
    public uint[] ToUIn32Array()
    {
        return Data;
    }
    public byte[] ToByteArray()
    {
        var ba = new byte[Data.Length * DataSize];
        Buffer.BlockCopy(Data, 0, ba, 0, Data.Length * DataSize);
        return ba;
    }
    private void TrimToMsb()
    {
        var dataUsed = Data.Length;
        while (dataUsed > 1 && Data[dataUsed - 1] == 0)
            --dataUsed;
        if (dataUsed != Data.Length)
        {
            var tData = new uint[dataUsed];
            for (var i = 0; i < dataUsed; i++)
                tData[i] = Data[i];
            Data = (uint[])tData.Clone();
        }
    }
    public static xIntX Multiply(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (left == 0 || right == 0)
            return 0;
        if (left == 1 && right != 1)
            return right;
        if (left != 1 && right == 1)
            return left;
        if (left == 1 && right == 1)
            return 1;
        var xInts   = left.Data;
        var yInts   = right.Data;
        var mulInts = new uint[Math.Max(xInts.Length, yInts.Length) << 1];
        for (var i = 0; i < xInts.Length; i++)
        {
            var   index     = i;
            ulong remainder = 0;
            foreach (var yi in yInts)
            {
                remainder        = remainder + (ulong)xInts[i] * yi + mulInts[index];
                mulInts[index++] = (uint)remainder;
                remainder        = remainder >> 32;
            }
            while (remainder != 0)
            {
                remainder        += mulInts[index];
                mulInts[index++] =  (uint)remainder;
                remainder        =  remainder >> 32;
            }
        }
        return new xIntX(left.Sign * right.Sign, mulInts, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator *(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return Multiply(left, right);
    }
    public static xIntX operator >> (xIntX value, int shift)
    {
        if (shift == 0)
            return value;
        if (shift == int.MinValue)
            return value << int.MaxValue << 1;
        if (shift < 0)
            return value << -shift;
        var xd          = value.Data;
        var shiftAmount = 32;
        var invShift    = 0;
        var bufLen      = xd.Length;
        while (bufLen > 1 && xd[bufLen - 1] == 0)
            bufLen--;
        for (var count = shift; count > 0; count -= shiftAmount)
        {
            if (count < shiftAmount)
            {
                shiftAmount = count;
                invShift    = 32 - shiftAmount;
            }
            ulong carry = 0;
            for (var i = bufLen - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                var val = (ulong)xd[i] >> shiftAmount;
                val   |= carry;
                carry =  (ulong)xd[i] << invShift;
                xd[i] =  (uint)val;
            }
        }
        return new xIntX(value.Sign, xd, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator <<(xIntX value, int shift)
    {
        if (shift == 0)
            return value;
        if (shift == int.MinValue)
            return value >> int.MaxValue >> 1;
        if (shift < 0)
            return value >> -shift;
        var digitShift = shift / 32;
        var smallShift = shift - digitShift * 32;
        var xd         = value.Data;
        var xl         = xd.Length;
        var zd         = new uint[xl + digitShift + 1];
        if (smallShift == 0)
        {
            for (var index = 0; index < xl; ++index)
                zd[index + digitShift] = xd[index];
        }
        else
        {
            var  carryShift = 32 - smallShift;
            uint carry      = 0;
            int  index;
            for (index = 0; index < xl; ++index)
            {
                var rot = xd[index];
                zd[index + digitShift] = (rot << smallShift) | carry;
                carry                  = rot >> carryShift;
            }
            zd[index + digitShift] = carry;
        }
        return new xIntX(value.Sign, zd, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator |(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (left == 0)
            return right;
        if (right == 0)
            return left;
        var z    = new uint[Math.Max(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length)];
        var lExt = left.Sign  < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        var rExt = right.Sign < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        for (var i = 0; i < z.Length; i++)
        {
            var xu = i < left.Data.Length ? left.Data[i] : lExt;
            var yu = i < right.Data.Length ? right.Data[i] : rExt;
            z[i] = xu | yu;
        }
        return new xIntX(left.Sign * right.Sign, z, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator ^(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        var z    = new uint[Math.Max(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length)];
        var lExt = left.Sign  < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        var rExt = right.Sign < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        for (var i = 0; i < z.Length; i++)
        {
            var xu = i < left.Data.Length ? left.Data[i] : lExt;
            var yu = i < right.Data.Length ? right.Data[i] : rExt;
            z[i] = xu ^ yu;
        }
        return new xIntX(left.Sign * right.Sign, z, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public static xIntX operator &(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (left == 0 || right == 0)
            return 0;
        var z    = new uint[Math.Max(left.Data.Length, right.Data.Length)];
        var lExt = left.Sign  < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        var rExt = right.Sign < 0 ? uint.MaxValue : 0U;
        for (var i = 0; i < z.Length; i++)
        {
            var xu = i < left.Data.Length ? left.Data[i] : lExt;
            var yu = i < right.Data.Length ? right.Data[i] : rExt;
            z[i] = xu & yu;
        }
        return new xIntX(left.Sign * right.Sign, z, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
    }
    public string ToBinaryString()
    {
        var bytes  = ToByteArray();
        var index  = bytes.Length - 1;
        var base2  = new StringBuilder(bytes.Length * 8);
        var binary = Convert.ToString(bytes[index], 2);
        if (binary[0] != '0' && Sign == 1) base2.Append('0');
        base2.Append(binary);
        for (index--; index >= 0; index--)
            base2.Append(Convert.ToString(bytes[index], 2).PadLeft(8, '0'));
        return base2.ToString();
    }
    public string ToOctalString()
    {
        var bytes         = ToByteArray();
        var index         = bytes.Length - 1;
        var base8         = new StringBuilder((bytes.Length / 3 + 1) * 8);
        var rem           = bytes.Length % 3;
        if (rem == 0) rem = 3;
        var base0         = 0;
        while (rem != 0)
        {
            base0 <<= 8;
            base0 +=  bytes[index--];
            rem--;
        }
        var octal = Convert.ToString(base0, 8);
        if (octal[0] != '0' && Sign == 1) base8.Append('0');
        base8.Append(octal);
        while (index >= 0)
        {
            base0 = (bytes[index] << 16) + (bytes[index - 1] << 8) + bytes[index - 2];
            base8.Append(Convert.ToString(base0, 8).PadLeft(8, '0'));
            index -= 3;
        }
        return base8.ToString();
    }
    public static xIntX Pow(xIntX value, xIntX exponent, int bitLength)
    {
        if (value == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Value cannot be null");
        if (exponent == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Exponent cannot be null");
        if (exponent < 0)
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Exponent", "Exponent cannot be negative");
        var result = new xIntX("1", bitLength, _unsigned);
        while (exponent != 0)
        {
            if ((exponent & 1) != 0)
                result *= value;
            exponent >>= 1;
            value    *=  value;
        }
        return result;
    }
    /// <summary>
    ///     Works well, not as good as BigInteger
    /// </summary>
    public static BigInteger ModPow(BigInteger n, BigInteger e, BigInteger m)
    {
        var n1 = n;
        var e1 = e;
        if (e1 == 0)
            return 1;
        if (e1 == 1)
            return n1 % m;
        if (e1 == 2)
            return n1 * n1 % m;
        n1 %= m;
        BigInteger r = 1;
        if ((e1 & 1) == 1)
            r = n1;
        while (e1 > 1)
        {
            e1 >>= 1;
            n1 =   n1 * n1 % m;
            if ((e1 & 1) == 1)
                r = r * n1 % m;
        }
        return r;
    }
    public static int GetSign(uint[] value)
    {
        var allZero = true;
        for (var i = 0; i < value.Length; i++)
            if (value[i] != 0)
            {
                allZero = false;
                break;
            }
        if (allZero)
            return 0;
        return (value[value.Length - 1] & HiNeg) == 0 ? 1 : -1;
    }
    private static int GetDataUsed(uint[] array)
    {
        var neg      = GetSign(array) < 0;
        var dataUsed = array.Length;
        if (!neg)
        {
            while (dataUsed > 1 && array[dataUsed - 1] == 0)
                --dataUsed;
            if (dataUsed == 0)
                dataUsed = 1;
        }
        return dataUsed;
    }
    public int GetDecimalPlaces(xIntX a)
    {
        var dPlaces = 0;
        if (a.Sign == 0)
            return 1;
        if (a.Sign < 0)
            try
            {
                a = -a;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return 0;
            }
        var biRadix = new xIntX(10, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        while (a > 0)
            try
            {
                Divide(a, biRadix, out var remainder, out var quotient);
                a = quotient;
                dPlaces++;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                break;
            }
        return dPlaces;
    }
    private uint[] TwosComplement(uint[] d)
    {
        var  i = 0;
        uint v = 0;
        for (; i < d.Length; i++)
        {
            v    = ~d[i] + 1;
            d[i] = v;
            if (v != 0)
            {
                i++;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (v != 0)
        {
            for (; i < d.Length; i++)
                d[i] = ~d[i];
        }
        else
        {
            Array.Resize(ref d, d.Length + 1);
            d[d.Length - 1] = 1;
        }
        return d;
    }
    public (xIntX approximateRoot, BigRational realRoot) Sqrt()
    {
        var n = (BigRational)this;
        var r = n.Sqrt();
        return (r.WholePart, r);
    }
    public xIntX Pow(int e)
    {
        var ans = this;
        if (e == 1)
            return ans;
        if (e == 0)
            return 1;
        for (var i = 1; i != e; i++)
            ans *= this;
        return ans;
    }
    public static double Log(xIntX value, double baseValue)
    {
        var c          = 0.0;
        var d          = 0.5;
        var dataLength = value.DataUsed;
        var topBits    = 0;
        var x          = value.Data[dataLength - 1];
        while (x > 0)
        {
            x >>= 1;
            topBits++;
        }
        var bitLength = (dataLength - 1) * 32 + topBits;
        var bit       = (uint)(1 << (topBits - 1));
        for (var index = dataLength - 1; index >= 0; --index)
        {
            for (; bit != 0U; bit >>= 1)
            {
                if (((int)value.Data[index] & (int)bit) != 0)
                    c += d;
                d *= 0.5;
            }
            bit = 2147483648U;
        }
        return (Math.Log(c) + 0.69314718055994530941723212145818 * bitLength) / Math.Log(baseValue);
    }
    public static List<xIntX> GetFactors(xIntX n)
    {
        var Factors = new List<xIntX>();
        var s       = (xIntX)1 << ((int)Math.Ceiling(Log(n, 2)) >> 1);
        var a       = (xIntX)3;
        while (a < s)
        {
            if (n % a == 0)
            {
                Factors.Add(a);
                if (a * a != n)
                    Factors.Add(n / a);
            }
            a += 2;
        }
        return Factors;
    }
    public static xIntX GreatestCommonDivisor(xIntX a, xIntX b)
    {
        while (b > 0)
        {
            var r = a % b;
            a = b;
            b = r;
        }
        return a;
    }
    public static xIntX LeastCommonMultiple(xIntX a, xIntX b)
    {
        return a * b / a.Gcd(b);
    }
    public static double Log10(xIntX value)
    {
        return Log(value, 10.0);
    }
    public static double LogN(xIntX value)
    {
        return Log(value, 2.0);
    }
    public void ConstructFromArray(byte[] value, int bitLength)
    {
        var minSize = value.Length / DataSize;
        if (value == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("value");
        DataBitWidth = bitLength;
        DataLength   = DataBitWidth >> 5;
        var byteCount      = value.Length;
        var isNegative     = _unsigned == false && byteCount > 0 && (value[byteCount - 1] & 0x80) == 0x80;
        var unalignedBytes = byteCount % DataSize;
        var dwordCount     = byteCount / DataSize + (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1);
        Data = new uint[Math.Max(dwordCount, DataLength)];
        if (byteCount == 0)
            return;
        int curDword, curByte, byteInDword;
        curByte = 3;
        for (curDword = 0; curDword < dwordCount - (unalignedBytes == 0 ? 0 : 1); curDword++)
        {
            byteInDword = 0;
            while (byteInDword < DataSize)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  value[curByte];
                curByte--;
                byteInDword++;
            }
            curByte += 8;
        }
        if (unalignedBytes != 0)
        {
            if (isNegative)
                Data[dwordCount - 1] = 0xffffffff;
            for (curByte = byteCount - 1; curByte >= byteCount - unalignedBytes; curByte--)
            {
                Data[curDword] <<= 8;
                Data[curDword] |=  value[curByte];
            }
        }
    }
    private class xIntXConverter : TypeConverter
    {
        public override bool CanConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, Type sourceType)
        {
            return sourceType == typeof(string) || base.CanConvertFrom(context, sourceType);
        }
        public override object ConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, CultureInfo culture, object value)
        {
            if (value != null)
                if (TryParse($"{value}", out var i))
                    return i;
            return new xIntX(0, DataBitWidth, _unsigned);
        }
        public override bool CanConvertTo(ITypeDescriptorContext context, Type destinationType)
        {
            return destinationType == typeof(string) || base.CanConvertTo(context, destinationType);
        }
        public override object ConvertTo(ITypeDescriptorContext context, CultureInfo culture, object value, Type destinationType)
        {
            return destinationType == typeof(string) ? $"{value}" : base.ConvertTo(context, culture, value, destinationType);
        }
    }
}
public class xIntXComparer : IComparer<xIntX>
{
    public int Compare(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        return left.CompareTo(right);
    }
    public bool Equals(xIntX left, xIntX right)
    {
        if (left == null || right == null)
            return false;
        return left.Equals(right);
    }
    public int GetHashCode(xIntX obj)
    {
        return obj.GetHashCode();
    }
}